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Author Topic: Science  (Read 10508 times)

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AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #60 on: February 17, 2016, 04:19:12 pm »
25 Scientific Facts That Will Blow Your Mind

The one that flabbergasted me was the statement that the human body puts out more heat per unit volume than the sun.  I find that hard to believe. I am sure that they used Hess's law to come up with that.   

Hess's law is a brute force INDIRECT measurement of heat (i.e. enthalpy=energy) of formation of chemical compounds that ignores magnetic forces, nuclear physics forces AND biological enzyme heat reduction in chemical reactions.

I've gone round and round with my wife the chemist on this (and RE at the diner too!). 

My point is that the enzymes reshape the substrate temporarily, thereby making it a DIFFERENT chemical compound energywise with the same elements in number and mass. This enzyme massaged chemical compound has BOTH a lower energy of activation AND a lower amount of OVERALL heat released THROUGHOUT the reaction when the reaction on it takes place.

Hess's law looks at chemical bonds as having a FIXED amount of energy needed to break them (exothermic) or make them (endothermic). This assumption is valid in non-living chemical processes. I claim that it is NOT valid in living processes.

I claim that enzymes, otherwise known as catalysts, REDUCE the total energy output of a biological chemical reaction, even though the enzyme itself is not changed. This flies in the face of accepted thermodynamics and the Law of Conservation of Energy. So, I have a very difficult time convincing chemists that I have a valid argument.  :(

Nevertheless, as the above video points out, the cause of gravity (which is, like magnetism, a form of attraction of masses) is not well understood. No scientist will claim that your refrigerator magnet uses any energy to remain sticking to your refrigerator against the forces of gravity.

But the same scientist must admit that it will take energy for you to pull it off;D

My hypothesis is supported by science in regard to the mechanism that enzymes (biological catalysts far more complex than the industrial catalysts our crude heat, beat and treat industrial processes rely on ) use to lower the energy of activation to start a chemical reaction.

But, the second part of my hypothesis, which states that the enzyme, due to the magnetic distortion it forces on a chemical compound substrate WITHOUT any measurable release of energy, lowers the overall  enthalpy=heat=energy, NOT just the activation enthalpy=heat=energy of said chemical reaction, PARTICULARLY in exothermic (energy release instead of energy absorbing) chemical reactions, is rejected because it gives Hess's Law a huge headache. That "headache" is that it appears to violate the "law" of conservation of energy.  ;D

So, go ahead, pull that magnet off the refrigerator and tell me you used the same amount of energy to put it there as to pull it off.   

So, go ahead, tell me an industrial catalyst on exactly the same chemical compound found in the human body, according to Hess's Law, releases exactly the same amount of energy when a biological enzyme acts on it to produce exactly the same products as the industrial catalyst does. 

Hess's Law is the basis of virtually all the assumptions on thermodynamics that science has today. It is very useful because of the difficulty of measuring the energy released by some chemical reactions.


But if what goes on inside us was as Hess's Law of enthalpy of formation DICTATES, we would exceed the outer temperature boundary required by homeostasis and die. There is no homeostasis on the sun. Homeostasis is sine qua non to life. We do not overheat because enzymes apparently get around the law of conservation of energy by some mechanism that we do not understand. I am not saying that they ACUALLY violate the law of conservation of energy. I am saying that the law of conservation of energy is improperly accounted for in Hess's "Law".

You may assume that I am all wet. But someday, science will admit that enzymes, due to extremely complex magnetic arrangements in their design, save far more energy during their existence as biological chemical reaction mediators than was used by the human body to manufacture them. 

Quote
"All that was great in the past was ridiculed, condemned, combatted, suppressed, only to emerge all the more triumphantly from the struggle."  Nikola Tesla.
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #61 on: June 17, 2016, 03:36:53 pm »
Unknown alien rock found in Swedish quarry

June 14, 2016

All fossil meteorites found are so called L-chondrites that originate from the asteroid that broke up, but now a single fossil meteorite has been found that is of a kind not known among the more than 50,000 documented meteorites that have fallen on Earth in recent times. This may be the first documented example of an extinct meteorite, i.e. a type of meteorite that does no longer fall on Earth because its parent body was consumed in collisions. Credit: Birger Schmitz.

A morsel of never-before-seen alien rock has been dug up in a limestone quarry in Sweden, where it had lain deeply buried for about 470 million years, scientists said Tuesday.
 
The biscuit-sized remains are unlike any other meteorite found on Earth to date, and may shed light on the history and formation of our Solar System, they reported in the journal Nature Communications.

Dubbed Oest 65, it is thought to be a splinter of a potato-shaped rock some 20-30 kilometres (12-19 miles) wide, which had smashed into another much larger body, sprinkling our adolescent planet with debris.

Previously, remnants of only one of the two rocks had been found, in the form of meteorites called chondrites.

But now scientists believe they have unearthed a piece of the second space orb, boosting the theory of a major smash-up between two galactic travelers.

It is thought that the breakup of the bigger chondrite body, about 100-150 km across, had yielded a major cluster of rocky debris in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

The resultant flux of extraterrestrial material, some of which rained down on Earth, coincided with a massive expansion of invertebrate ocean life at a time our planet's landmass was largely fused together into a supercontinent called Gondwana.

Quote

"The single meteorite that we now found... is of a type that we do not know of from today's world," study co-author Birger Schmitz of Lund University in Sweden told AFP.

Along with about 100 chondrite pieces discovered to date, the new alien fragment had sunk to the floor of an ocean covering parts of what today is a limestone quarry in southern Sweden.

In marine limestone that formed on the sea-floor 470 million years ago more than 100 fossil meteorites have been found in the Thorsberg quarry, southern Sweden. The many meteorites attest to one of the most violent events in the solar system the past 3 billion years, when a hundred kilometer large asteroid broke up from a collision in the asteroid belt. Credit: Birger Schmitz.


'Extinct' space rock? ???

"The object contains very high concentrations (compared to Earth materials), of elements such as iridium, which is very rare on Earth," Schmitz explained by email.

"The meteorite also contains high concentrations of rare isotopes of the element Neon"—and in different proportions than in chondrites.


The team measured telltale signs of cosmic radiation in the meteorite to determine how long it had flown around in space before crashing to Earth.

"Our meteorite fell 470 million years ago," said Schmitz—more or less the same period as the chondrite fragments.

The mysterious morsel "may be a fragment of the impactor that broke up the (chondrite) parent body," concluded the study.

A meteorite discovered in a Swedish quarry is unique and distinct from other meteorites. It appears to be a relic of a massive collision in the asteroid belt 470 million years ago that send debris raining to Earth during the Ordovician Period. In this image, the black 'fossil' meteorite is preserved in slate from the quarry. Credit: Qing-zhu Yin, UC Davis

The extraterrestrial lander may be the first documented example of an "extinct meteorite"—so called because it's parent body had been entirely consumed by space collisions, meaning no more fragments can fall to Earth today.

Chondrites still drop to our planet every now and then.

The findings mean that today's meteorites—on which scientists base much of their assumptions about our Solar System's formation—are not fully representative of what is, and once was, out there.

"Apparently, there is potential to reconstruct important aspects of solar-system history by looking down on Earth sediments, in addition to looking up at the skies," wrote the study authors.

Explore further: Meteorite minerals hint at earth extinctions, climate change

More information: A new type of solar-system material recovered from Ordovician marine limestone, Nature Communications, nature.com/articles/doi:10.1038/ncomms11851

Journal reference: Nature Communications search and more info website


 http://phys.org/news/2016-06-unknown-alien-swedish-quarry.html#jCp
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #62 on: July 09, 2016, 01:25:42 am »
Massive 'Lava Lamp' Blobs Deep Inside Earth Have Scientists Puzzled

By Greg Uyeno, Staff Writer |  July 5, 2016 10:17am ET


Full story: 

http://www.livescience.com/55285-mysterious-blobs-in-earths-mantle.html
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #63 on: November 07, 2016, 08:24:45 pm »
         
      


He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #64 on: November 08, 2016, 02:48:41 pm »
     


Evidence of God is all around us.  It's about time "science" found it.

RE


       

He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #65 on: November 13, 2016, 02:24:57 pm »
Illuminate Lightbulbs Wirelessly: DIY Slayer Exciter

 by tanner_tech in wireless

Circuits Contest 2016

Have you ever wanted to be able to control the powers of wireless electricity?       Have you ever wanted to build something that can light CFL bulbs from your hand?   

If so, then this is the perfect instructable for you. In this instructable, I will show you how to build a device called a slayer exciter. The video below will accompany this instructable with a visual demonstration of how it works.

Lets get started!

Step 1: How it Works 8)

A slayer exciter is basically an oscillator that has a frequency based on the LC tank circuit formed by the secondary coil and the parasitic capacitance of the top load. So now to how this circuit works.

First, when power is applied to the circuit, the current flows into the base of the transistor, turning it on. When the transistor turns on, it lets power flow through the primary coil. This induces a current into the secondary coil, which flows into the base of the transistor, turning it off.

When the transistor turns off, the magnetic field collapses letting current flow back into the base of the transistor from the resistor. This cycle repeats many times a second.

Think of this circuit as a swing, if you push somebody an a swing, they will swing forward and backwards and oscillate.

Every time you push the swing, it oscillates, but you have to push it at the right time, or it will lose energy.

The circuit functions like the person pushing the swing. The transistor "pushes" the secondary coil with a magnetic field at the exact right time. This circuit oscillates at about 398 kilocycles.

The constantly expanding and collapsing field creates a powerful RF field around the exciter. This causes the electrons in the CFL to bounce around and strike the phosphors in the glass, lighting the bulb. It creates high voltage because of the turn ratio of the primary to secondary coil. Now to actually building the slayer exciter.

Video below and further instructions at link: 

http://www.instructables.com/id/Illuminate-Lightbulbs-Wirelessly-DIY-Slayer-Excite/

Agelbert NOTE: Always remember that electrical current is never induced by a magnetic field, be it electro-magnetic or naturally magnetic. The electrons in a conductor of electricity move only when a magnetic field it is subjected to collapses. So, you have rebuild the magnetic field and allow it to collapse repeatedly to keep the current flowing to light a CFL bulb, LED and/or, with some fancy circuitry, to  run an electric (OF COURSE!  ;D)  motor. At present, sending the current through wires requires less energy than wirelessly, except in some very limited applications. 
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #66 on: November 25, 2016, 09:33:11 pm »

Fibonacci Sequence Documentary - Golden Section Explained
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #67 on: December 05, 2016, 05:22:40 pm »
Water inside carbon nanotubes turns solid at boiling temperatures, MIT researchers discover

By Shawn Knight on Dec 3, 2016, 11:00 AM     
 
mit, carbon nanotubes, freeze, water, ice, h2o   

It’s common knowledge that water freezes at zero degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) and boils at 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit) in normal conditions. When confined within a carbon nanotube, however, all bets are off.

While conducting an experiment that involved trying to send electric currents through water inside of carbon nanotubes, a team of chemical engineers led by Professor Michael Strano at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) noticed some unexpected behavior.

It’s been known for a while now that when water is confined in very small spaces, its freezing and boiling points can drop by as much as 10 degrees Celsius. What the team at MIT observed, however, was quite the opposite. 

Inside tiny carbon nanotubes, they witnessed water solidifying at a minimum temperature of 105 degrees Celsius – well above its normal boiling point.

The diameter of the nanotubes played a significant role in the water’s behavior. The difference between tubes measuring 1.05 nanometers and 1.06 nanometers across changed the freezing temperature by tens of degrees.

Equally as puzzling is the fact that water could even enter nanotubes at all as they’ve long been thought to be hydrophobic.

Agelbert NOTE: "Hydrophobic" means water "hating". Your raincoat is usually coated with a hydrophobic substance. Wax is hydrophobic. "Hydrophilic" is water "loving". The way the water curves up on the edge of a glass is evidence that glass is hydrophilic. Water (H2O), of course is attracted to itself (water molecules inside tree capillaries can be stretched 25 atmospheres and still attract each other as long as the capillary is not exposed to the outer atmosphere. That is how water moves from tree roots to the leaves.

More research will be needed but Strano thinks the discovery could lead to the creation of “ice wires,” or efficient highways to transport protons as water is around 10 times better at conducting protons compared to standard conductive material.

http://www.techspot.com/news/67267-water-inside-carbon-nanotubes-turns-solid-boiling-temperatures.html

Agelbert NOTE: Some good comments that might explain this strange property of carbon nanotube enclosed H2O:


captaincranky TechSpot Addict   

"My immediate thought was, if this occurs with water..what other changes could occur? Relooking at cold fusion where speculation was the molecular space might have allowed nuclear interaction. Other speculation whenever I find that roll of Reynolds.
Well, I think "freezes" might be misapplied terminology."

I'm going to take a wild, uneducated guess here, and postulate the water isn't "frozen" per se. Given the 3 elements in the mix, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen, the scale at which this is happening, and the amount of molecular activity brought on by applied heat, the water is likely "mimicking" or "masquerading" as, a carbohydrate.

Skypickle   

The diameter of the nanotube is only 5 water molecules across. But these researchers https://www.mpg.de/6362003/water-ice-crystal

Say that you need at least 275 molecules to form an ice crystal. So the 'solid' phase of water cannot occur in the confined space of a nanotube. Rather a different 'boundary ' phase of carbon-water forms

 
browne5061

It is probably the hydrophobic nature of the CNTs that forces the solidification. As you increase the energy of the particles, they find themselves bound inside of the CNT and unable to leave. This would likely significantly increase the number of collisions between H2O molecules, giving the appearance of being a solid, without needing as many molecules as is normally required to form an Ice crystal as Skypickle points out.

Still, I wonder why they were putting water inside of CNTs in the first place. The common conception is they are hydrophobic, plus CNTs already display ballistic conductance of both electrical and thermal energy. I find it hard to believe that anyone would go 'yeah, lets add thermally *capacitive* material (water) to increase thermal *conductivity.*' I think they were trying for something else entirely, which they aren't ready to publically talk about yet. My guess would a new kind of thermal heat sink, with both high conductivity from the CNTs and high capacitance from the H2O - and this would explain why they brought it up to such high temperatures in the first place, since CNTs don't heat up readily when an electric current is applied.

wiyosaya   

My thoughts are that the size of the nanotube is somehow forcing the molecules of water to align in a fashion where they do not move - thus giving the appearance of a crystallized set of molecules.


Yynxs

Somewhere in non-available memory was some reading on crystal forming temperatures of water with additives such as salt and something to do with 'absolutely pure' water having different bonding reactions than just distilled water. I'm wondering if the size of the nanotubes creates an 'absolutely pure' water condition and whether that affects 'hydrophobic' as used to describe the carbon molecules. I know when I don't know so I'm sending this article to a friend 'Saint Jack' to see if he knows anything.
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #68 on: December 12, 2016, 02:37:38 pm »
Elusive Planet Nine causes sun’s curious tilt, scientists say

SNIPPET (with videos)  8):


Why Planet Nine has such an unusual orbit is the next question – well after the main question, of course: where is it? But as for the tilt, Batygin suggests that the planet may have been kicked out of the gas giants' neighborhood by Jupiter, or may have been pulled by other stellar bodies in the solar system's distant past.

Regardless, for now the new research adds fuel to the excitement as the team and their colleagues continue their search for signs of Planet Nine. See more about this elusive giant in the video below. 



http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/elusive-planet-nine-causes-suns-curious-tilt-scientists-say.html

MORE detailed info:
« Last Edit: December 12, 2016, 10:12:50 pm by AGelbert »
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #69 on: December 18, 2016, 05:37:18 pm »
Agelbert NOTE: This is a fascinating documentary sowing the trials and tribulations of the scientific team that designed, built and tested, over and over again, the instruments for the measurements of the atmosphere and the surface of Titan, the largest of Saturn's moons, that is ACTUALLY LARGER THAN VENUS!  :o  ;D  This is an excellent example of how to objectively arrive at the BEST design by actually applying the scientific method.


Quote
Published on Nov 29, 2016

It's a voyage of exploration like no other - to Titan, Saturn's largest moon and thought to resemble our own early Earth. For a small team of British scientists this would be the culmination of a lifetime's endeavour - the flight alone, some 2 billion miles, would take a full seven years. This is the story of the space probe they built, the sacrifices they made and their hopes for the landing. Would their ambitions survive the descent into the unknown on Titan's surface? 
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #70 on: January 23, 2017, 04:58:49 pm »

Now if we could just get the Plutocrats to go back where they came from, we could all party! ;D  :D


Video: A colorful 'landing' on Pluto
January 20, 2017
https://phys.org/news/2017-01-video-pluto.html
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #71 on: March 01, 2017, 08:35:25 pm »
Earth is in a Space-Time Vortex 

He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #72 on: March 12, 2017, 07:58:45 pm »
This is a video about space elevators. Yeah, I know, BORING.

But, hey. it has some valuable info about how to build stuff.

Well, if that isn't enough to interest you, how about the fact that the U.S. Government had some rather ambitious ideas about being the top dog in the world as far back as 1894!   

Ya see, the Washington Monument was the FIRST BUILDING in about five thousand years to be taller than the tallest of the Egyptian Pyramids (except a cathedral tower that collapsed shortly after they built it).

ENJOY and pass it on!



Upward Bound: Space Elevators
 

Isaac Arthur

Published on Mar 9, 2017

In this episode we examine the concept of a Space Elevator, a popular piece of developing technology designed to lift people and cargo into space at a fraction of normal launch costs. We will look at technology as well as many of the misconceptions about Space Elevators which have emerged.

"The physics of the space elevator", P. K. Aravind:
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/d402...

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He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #73 on: March 21, 2017, 05:01:39 pm »
 


Researchers create mesmerizing tornado simulation :o algorithm [with video]


Article:

http://www.zmescience.com/science/math/tornado-simulation-algorithm-20032017/
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

AGelbert

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Re: Science
« Reply #74 on: March 24, 2017, 07:59:13 pm »

Upward Bound: Space Elevators
 



That was an interesting video.  I actually watched the whole thing.

I've known about the Space Elevator concept for at least a decade, and in principle it's plausible.  The manufacturing and engineering challenges to actually building such a thing are incredible though, and I think his estimates of being able to get one up in 20 years are overly optimistic.

About the only thing that surprises me is that so far Elon Musk or Jeff Bezos hasn't done an IPO underwritten by The Squid to  get the Big Elevator Corporation (Stock Ticker code BEC) off the ground. (pun intended)  ::)

Anybody got any idea what kind of accent the narrator has is?  I never heard anyone speak English with that accent.

RE



I don't know. I'll take a wild guess and say P. K. Aravind is from India but lives in the U.K.  ??? .
He that loveth father or mother more than me is not worthy of me: and he that loveth son or daughter more than me is not worthy of me. Matt 10:37

 

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